Omega Centauri is a monster globular star cluster

Omega Centauri, the largest globular star cluster of the Milky Way, contains about 10 million stars. This behemoth, with a diameter of about 150 light-years, is 10 times more massive than a typical globular cluster. However, despite all these stars, scientists released a study in 2018 that said Omega Centauri probably is not home to life.

Stars pack so tightly inside Omega Centauri that the average distance between stars in the cluster’s core is 0.1 light-years. That’s much closer than the sun’s nearest neighbor, Proxima Centauri, at 4.25 light-years. So scientists concluded that stars in Omega Centauri would gravitationally interact with each other too frequently to harbor stable habitable planets.

Although it’s not only Omega Centauri’s largest size that sets it apart from other globular clusters. Most globular star cluster generally have stars of similar age and composition. However, studies of Omega Centauri reveal that it has different stellar populations that formed at varying periods of time. In fact, it may be that Omega Centauri is something other than a globular cluster. It might be a remnant core of a small galaxy that was absorbed by the Milky Way galaxy in the distant past!

The difference between an open and a globular star cluster

The symmetrical, round appearance of Omega Centauri distinguishes it from star clusters such as the Pleiades and Hyades, which are open star clusters.

An open star cluster is a loose gathering of dozens to hundreds of young stars within the disk of the Milky Way galaxy. Open clusters are weakly held together by gravity, and tend to disperse after several hundreds of millions of years.

Globular clusters, on the other hand, orbit the Milky Way outside the galactic disk. They harbor tens of thousands to millions of stars. Tightly bound by gravity, globular clusters remain intact after 12 billion years.

How to see Omega Centauri.

Omega Centauri – the most luminous of all globular star clusters – is far to the south on the sky’s dome. It’s visible from the southern half of the United States, or south of 40 degrees north latitude (the latitude of Denver, Colorado). Canadians hasten to remind us that they can spot Omega Centauri from as far north as Point Pelee in Canada (42 degrees latitude). When seeing conditions are just right, they “… can catch the Omega Centauri star cluster skimming along the surface of Lake Erie,” they say.

From the Southern Hemisphere, Omega Centauri appears much higher in the sky and is a glorious sight.

Finding Omega Centauri from the Northern Hemisphere

If you’re in the Northern Hemisphere and want to spot this cluster, know that Omega Centauri can only be seen at certain times of the year. It’s best seen in the evening sky from the Northern Hemisphere late on April, May and June evenings.

So around mid-May, this wondrous star cluster is highest up and due south around 11 p.m. local DST.

Then, by mid-June, Omega Centauri is highest up and due south around 10 p.m. local DST.

Northern Hemisphere residents can see Omega Centauri from January through April as well, but they must be willing to stay up past midnight or get up before dawn.

Use the Big Dipper to find Spica

For those in the Northern Hemisphere, Spica, the brightest star in the constellation Virgo, serves as your guide star to Omega Centauri. When Spica and Omega Centauri transit – appear due south and reach the highest point in the sky – they do so in unison. However, Omega Centauri transits about 35 degrees south of (or below) sparkling blue-white Spica. For reference, your fist at arm’s length approximates 10 degrees of sky. Find Spica by following the arc in the handle of the Big Dipper.

Use the search function in Stellarium-Web.org to locate sky objects as viewed from your location

It’s visible to the unaided eye

Generally, open clusters visible to the unaided eye are hundreds to a few thousand light-years away. In contrast, globular clusters are generally tens of thousands of light-years distant.

At about 16,000 light-years, Omega Centauri is one of the few of our galaxy’s 200 or so globular clusters that is visible to the unaided eye. It shines at +3.9 magnitude. It looks like a faint, fuzzy star, but Omega Centauri’s mere presence testifies to its size and brilliance. Like any globular cluster, Omega Centauri is best viewed with a telescope.

Omega Centauri’s position is at Right Ascension: 13h 26.8m; Declination: 47 degrees 29′ south.

Bottom line: The Milky Way’s largest globular star cluster, Omega Centauri, contains about 10 million stars. And it’s visible from parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

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The constellation of Virgo the Maiden

From the Northern Hemisphere, Virgo the Maiden appears high above the southern horizon on May evenings. And this is the best time of year to view this constellation, which is the largest of the zodiac. As a matter of fact, Virgo is also the 2nd-largest constellation overall, after Hydra. Plus, thanks to its brightest star, Spica, there’s an easy trick to finding this constellation.

So, to find Virgo, remember this handy mnemonic device: Arc to Arcturus and spike to Spica. What does that mean? Using the readily identifiable Big Dipper, you can follow the curve of its handle as you arc to a bright orangish star named Arcturus in the constellation Boötes. Then “drive a spike” (or sometimes the saying is “speed on down”) to Spica.

Spica is a blue-white, 1st-magnitude star near the center of Virgo.

The stars of the Maiden

Spica, which marks a bundle of wheat that the Maiden is holding, is the 15th brightest star in the sky. Spica is a magnitude 1.04 star that lies 250 light-years from Earth.

Then the next brightest star in Virgo is the binary star Gamma Virginis, or Porrima. Porrima is magnitude 2.74 and lies near the center of the constellation, above (northwest of) Spica. It lies 38 light-years away. Next, the third brightest star is at the northern reaches of the constellation. Vindemiatrix is a magnitude 2.82 star located 109 light-years away.

The Virgo Cluster

Without a doubt, Virgo is famous for its thousands of galaxies. One grouping – the Virgo Cluster – is near the border with Coma Berenices, west of Vindemiatrix. The Virgo Cluster is the nearest large group of galaxies to the Milky Way. The Virgo Cluster lies at the center of the Local Supercluster, a massive group of clusters of galaxies. Plus, the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, is also part of the Local Supercluster.

Additionally, the gravitational pull from the Virgo Cluster in the Local Supercluster is slowing the escape velocity of the Milky Way and our Local Group. So the Virgo cluster is one of the few places in the universe we are speeding toward. Therefore, the galaxies of the Virgo Cluster are some of the few we see with a blueshift instead of a redshift. One day, these many galaxies will merge into one huge conglomeration.

In fact, the galaxy with one of the highest blueshifts lies right on the border of Virgo and Coma Berenices. This galaxy, M90, is moving rapidly among the other objects in the Virgo Cluster. That’s because it’s also being stripped of gas and dust due to its close quarters with the other galaxies. At magnitude 9.5, you can see this galaxy in a telescope across the 60 million light-year span.

In addition, other galaxies between 8th and 9th magnitude in this location are M49, M58, M59, M60, M84, M86, M87, and M89. Even more galaxies come into view if you scan along the line between Virgo and Coma Berenices.

M87, or Virgo A

M87 is a special galaxy that deserves to be singled out from the Virgo Cluster. It shines at magnitude 8.6 and is therefore easy to detect in any telescope and even in some binoculars. M87 lies about 60 million light-years away. Its potato-shaped clump of stars extends well over a half million light-years across, and thought to be five times the size of the Milky Way’s diameter. However, the diameter of the galaxy’s halo is about a million light-years, and while that is large, astronomers expected it to be even larger. They believe something cut the halo off early on in its formation.

As a matter of fact, M87 is home to the largest known number of globular clusters. For comparison, the Milky Way has about 200 globulars, while M87 has thousands. These clusters may be dwarf galaxies that M87’s gravitation sucked in.

Another amazing feature of M87 is its jet that extends outward from the core for thousands of light-years. A monster black hole at the galaxy’s core is the source of the jet. In fact, M87’s black hole was the first ever imaged, in 2019. Then, recently that image was enhanced and released with more detail in April 2023. Plus, its black hole and its jet were imaged together for 1st time ever in April 2023.

The Sombrero Galaxy

Not to be overlooked is another bright and notable galaxy that’s apart from the large cluster is M104, or the Sombrero Galaxy. It’s located on the southeastern border of the constellation with Corvus the Crow. Without a doubt, M104 is a stunning galaxy in photographs. Even better, at magnitude 8.3, you can see it in small telescopes. It’s an edge-on, dusty spiral galaxy with a bright core. M104 lies approximately 55 million light-years away.

Virgo in mythology

Virgo personifies Persephone, daughter of Demeter, the harvest goddess. According to a Greek myth, it once was always springtime on Earth. But then the god of the underworld, Hades, kidnapped Persephone.

Demeter, overcome with grief, abandoned her role as an Earth goddess. Thus, the world’s fruitfulness and fertility suffered. Then, according to the myth, Earth wouldn’t become fruitful again until Persephone returned home. So, Zeus insisted that Hades return Persephone to Demeter. Also, Zeus said that Persephone must eat nothing until her return. Alas, Hades purposely gave Persephone a pomegranate.

Thus, Persephone was given back to her mother, but Persephone – because of the pomegranate – has to return to the underworld for four months every year. To this day, spring returns to the Northern Hemisphere when Persephone reunites with Demeter. Then the winter season reigns when Persephone dwells in the underworld. Considering this, from the perspective of the Northern Hemisphere, Virgo is absent from early evening sky in late autumn, winter and early spring. Virgo’s return to the sky at nightfall – in the months of April and May – coincides with the season of spring.

Bottom line: Virgo the Maiden is the largest of the zodiac constellations. A handy mnemonic device – using the Big Dipper and its bright star Spica – make it easy to find.

The constellations of the zodiac

Meet Taurus the Bull in the evening sky
Gemini the Twins, home to 2 bright stars
Meet Cancer the Crab and its Beehive Cluster
Leo the Lion and its backward question mark
Virgo the Maiden in northern spring skies
Meet Libra the Scales, a zodiacal constellation
Scorpius the Scorpion is a summertime delight
Sagittarius the Archer and its famous Teapot
Capricornus the Sea-goat has an arrowhead shape
Meet Aquarius the Water Bearer and its stars
Meet Pisces the Fish, 1st constellation of the zodiac
Say hello to Aries the Ram
Born under the sign of Ophiuchus?

Use Vega to locate the Keystone in Hercules

In late spring, from mid-northern latitudes, you can easily find the brilliant star Vega in the eastern sky at dusk and nightfall. The brilliant blue-white star Vega acts as your guide star to the Keystone, a wedge-shaped pattern of four stars in the constellation Hercules.

Look for the Keystone asterism – star pattern – to the upper right of Vega. Or hold your fist at arm’s length, it’ll easily fit between Vega and the Keystone.

Also, you can locate the Keystone by using Vega in conjunction with the brilliant yellow-orange star Arcturus. The Keystone is found about 1/3 of the way from Vega to Arcturus, the two brightest stars to grace the Northern Hemisphere’s spring and summertime sky. From mid-northern latitudes this time of year, Arcturus is found quite high in the eastern sky at nightfall and evening. Then, by late evening, Arcturus will have moved high overhead.

Use the Keystone to find M13

Furthermore, the Keystone is your ticket to find a famous globular star cluster in Hercules, otherwise known as the Hercules cluster, aka Messier 13 or M13.

Most likely, you’ll need binoculars to see the Hercules cluster. Although sharp-eyed people can see it with the unaided eye in a dark, transparent sky. But through binoculars, this cluster looks like a dim smudge or a somewhat fuzzy star. However, a telescope begins to resolve this faint fuzzy object into what it really is, a great big, globe-shaped stellar city populated with hundreds of thousands of stars!

Then, later in the evening, the Keystone and the Hercules cluster swing high overhead after midnight, and are found in the western sky before dawn.

Photos of M13 from EarthSky Community Photos

Bottom line: Let the bright star Vega guide you to a famous star pattern in Hercules – called the Keystone – and then to the Hercules cluster, aka M13, a famous globular star cluster.

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The fisherfolk of Odisha are paying the price for the warming world and seas. Fish migration routes are changing thanks to climate impact, according to an expert. Combined with multiple low pressures areas and regular extreme weather events, fishing communities in coastal Odisha report scanty catches amid frequent fishing bans. 

The spell of heatwaves began earlier than usual in 2023, with Odisha suffering from heatwaves for five days by April 20. Climate models also predict an El Niño event in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, which generally causes more intense heatwaves in India.

El Niño events are associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific. Further warming of seas may impact the livelihood of fishing communities even more, according to locals.

Read more: New draft coastal regulation allows tourism in sensitive zone, poses threat to fishers

“We depend on the sea, but weather is bad frequently. The Mahanadi river mouth near the port town Paradip is also turbulent, making the navigation difficult even for the seasoned fishermen,” said Arabinda Mandal (45), a marine fisherman of Kharinasi village, Kendrapara district.

There are more low-pressure areas in the sea, according to the fisherfolk. “We are in deep trouble as we have been facing many low pressures in the sea for the last few years,” said Sumant Kumar Biswal, secretary of Odisha Marine Fish Producers Association.

“Untimely rain, strong winds and severe heat have led to fewer fish being caught,” said Mahadev Das, a fisherman from Sandhakuda village, Jagatsinghpur district.

The warming seas are also affecting the movement of fish, particularly in the shore areas. The marine animals are cold-blooded creatures and can’t regulate their body temperature.

“Fish movements are diurnal and seasonal according to the temperature, which impacts the near-shore catch during warmer days,” said Rajesh Kumar Pradhan, fisheries scientist with the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Puri.

Depletion of fish combined with unpredictable weather conditions is compounding the troubles for the fishing community.

The Odisha government places a three-month-long fishing ban from April 15 to June 14 to protect brood fishes and provide an undisturbed breeding ground, Pradhan said.

Read more: Aid to Odisha fisherfolk doubled for fishing ban to save turtles; Is it enough?

“The lean fishing period, especially on the east coast, including Odisha, helps fishes breed during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. The restriction helps naturally recruit more fish to the sea,” the scientist said.

However, there are fewer fish despite the restrictions, thanks to climate change.

“Erratic summer rains, cyclones, low-pressure areas and less rain in the monsoon interrupt the migration routes of hilsa fish,” said Manoranjan Mohapatra, the assistant fisheries officer with the directorate of fisheries, Cuttack.

Many fisherfolks also continue to use ring nets, which were banned as they trap larvae or baby fish, said Jagannath Rao, the assistant fisheries officer of Paradip. These ring nets are a big reason behind the depletion of the fish population in the sea.

The fisheries department in 2002 banned the use of certain fishing nets and traps of different mesh and sizes, including ring nets with mesh squares of less than 7 centimetres.

“We warn fishermen through microphones in the coastal pockets not to use ring nets. The fisheries department has the right to cancel licenses and boat registration if any fishermen are found to be violating the norms and using ring nets,” added Rao.

The use of ring nets by some has hit traditional fisherfolks the most, claimed Narayan Haldar, the secretary of Odisha Masyajibi Forum. “There has been no action on the issue,” he alleged. The nets also harm endangered Olive Ridley sea turtles, horseshoe crabs, dolphins and other marine species.

Earlier, marine fisherfolk would discard trash fish, baby fish and non-edible fish if caught. But now, some deliberately use ring nets to catch larvae for shrimp seed and poultry seed factories, said Hemant Rout, the secretary of Gahirmatha Marine Turtles and Mangrove Conservation Society.

Read more: Discarded fishing gear threatens Ganga dolphins, turtles

“Catching baby fish is leading to wanton destruction of fish resources,” added Rout.

The state has enormous fishery resources thanks to a coastline of 480 kilometres, said Manoranjan Kumar Patra, managing director of Odisha Aqua Traders and Marine Exporters Pvt Ltd.

“Shrimp is the biggest earner, and commercial shrimp farming has become a vital source of income for nine coastal districts,” he said. “Bad weather due to climate change is one of the biggest stumbling blocks in front of Odisha fisherfolk’s livelihoods.”

The famous Eta Aquariid meteor shower – one of the year’s major meteor showers – peaks every year in early May. In 2023, the peak centers around May 6. This shower is known to be richer as seen from Earth’s Southern Hemisphere than from the Northern Hemisphere. Why?

Water Jar in the constellation Aquarius

If you traced the paths of Eta Aquariid meteors backward on the sky’s dome, you’d find that these meteors appear to stream from an asterism, or recognizable pattern of stars, known as the Water Jar in the constellation Aquarius. See chart at the top of this post.

This spot in the sky is the radiant point of the Eta Aquariid meteor shower. The meteors seem to emanate from the vicinity of the Water Jar, before spreading out and appearing in all parts of the sky.

Water Jar rises about the same time worldwide…

Because the Water Jar is on the celestial equator – an imaginary great circle directly above the Earth’s equator – the radiant of the Eta Aquariid shower rises due east as seen from all over the world. Moreover, the radiant rises at about the same time worldwide, around 1:40 a.m. local time (2:40 a.m. daylight-saving-time) in early May, around the shower’s typical peak date.

So you’d think the shower would be about the same as seen from around the globe. But it’s not.

The sun rises later in the Southern Hemisphere

The reason it’s not is that sunrise comes later to the Southern Hemisphere (where it’s autumn in May) and earlier to the Northern Hemisphere (where it’s spring in May).

Later sunrise means more dark time to watch meteors. And it also means the radiant point of the Eta Aquariid shower has a chance to climb higher into the predawn sky as seen from more southerly latitudes. That’s why the tropics and southern temperate latitudes tend to see more Eta Aquariid meteors than we do at mid-northern latitudes.

Cruise to a southerly latitude, anyone?

Everything you need to know: Eta Aquariid meteor shower

Bottom line: Everyone around the globe can enjoy the Eta Aquariid meteor shower in early May. Best for the Southern Hemisphere! The peak in 2023 is on the morning of May 6.

Read more: EarthSky’s annual meteor shower guide

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How far is a light-year?

Objects in our universe are extremely far away. In fact, they’re so far away that kilometers or miles aren’t a useful measure of their distance. So, with this in mind, we speak of space objects in terms of light-years, the distance light travels in a year. Light is the fastest-moving stuff in our universe. It travels at 186,000 miles per second (300,000 km/sec). So, a light-year is 5.88 trillion miles (9.46 trillion km).

However, stars and nebulae – not to mention distant galaxies – are vastly farther than one light-year away. And, if we try to express a star’s distance in miles or kilometers, we soon end up with impossibly huge numbers. Yet miles and kilometers are what most of us use to comprehend the distance from one place on Earth to another. In the late 20th century astronomer Robert Burnham, Jr. – author of Burnham’s Celestial Handbook – devised an ingenious way to portray the distance of light-years in terms of miles and kilometers.

Keep reading, for a way to comprehend the vastness of the universe, using units of distance we know and use every day.

Let’s start with astronomical units

Burnham started by relating the light-year to the astronomical unit – the Earth-sun distance.

One astronomical unit, or AU, equals about 93 million miles (150 million km).

Also, another way of looking at it is this: the astronomical unit is a bit more than 8 light-minutes in distance.

A light-year, pictured as a mile

Robert Burnham noticed that, quite by coincidence, the number of astronomical units in one light-year and the number of inches in one mile are virtually the same.

Generally speaking, there are 63,000 astronomical units in one light-year, and 63,360 inches (160,000 cm) in one mile (1.6 km).

This wonderful coincidence enables us to bring the light-year down to Earth. So, if we scale the astronomical unit – the Earth-sun distance – at one inch, then the light-year on this scale represents one mile (1.6 km).

The closest star to Earth, other than the sun, is Alpha Centauri at some 4.4 light-years away. So, scaling the Earth-sun distance at one inch places this star at 4.4 miles (7 km) distant.

See?

Familiar space objects, conceptualized

Scaling the astronomical unit at one inch (2.5 cm), here are distances to various bright stars, star clusters and galaxies:

Alpha Centauri: 4.4 miles (7.0 km)

Sirius: 8.6 miles (14 km)

Vega: 25 miles (40 km)

Pleiades open star cluster: 444 miles (715 km)

Antares: 550 miles (885 km)

Hercules globular star cluster (aka M13): 25,000 miles (40,233 km)

Center of our Milky Way galaxy: 26,100 miles (42,000 km)

Great Andromeda galaxy (M31): 2,540,000 miles (4,087,000 km)

Sombrero galaxy (M104): 28,000,000 miles (45,000,000 km)

Whirlpool galaxy (M51): 31,000,000 miles (50,000,000 km)

And so on, back to approximately 13 billion+ light-years to the farthest galaxies: 13,000,000,000 miles (21,000,000,000 km)

Okay, the numbers are still pretty big! But hopefully they can help you see that our universe is very vast. And this video helps puts it in perspective.

The fastest-moving stuff in the universe

As mentioned above, light travels at an incredible 186,000 miles per second (300,000 km/sec). That’s very fast, indeed. In fact, if you could travel at the speed of light, you would be able to circle the Earth’s equator about 7.5 times in just one second!

In other words, a light-second is the distance light travels in one second, or 7.5 times the distance around Earth’s equator. So, a light-year is the distance light travels in one year.

How far is that? Multiply the number of seconds in one year by the number of miles or kilometers that light travels in one second, and there you have it: one light-year. It’s about 5.9 trillion miles (9.5 trillion km).

Bottom line: Here’s a way to understand the scale of light-years in miles and kilometers.

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If they’ve survived, the 50 spacecraft that’ve gone to Mars have focused mostly on Mars itself. But that’ll soon change, with a mission from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), due to launch in 2024. It’ll focus on the two small moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. On April 18, 2023, NASA announced 10 U.S.-based scientists who will be joining the science working team for the Japanese mission. The mission is called Martian Moons eXploration, aka MMX.

JAXA tweeted its congratulations:

Congratulations to the ten US-based researchers who have been selected by NASA to join the science working team for MMX! The wide range of expertise is incredible and we cannot wait to see what we will discover with you when we reach Phobos and Deimos!https://t.co/Q2rp9KCyGR

— Martian Moons @JAXA (@mmx_jaxa_en) April 20, 2023

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1st group: flight instrument research

The 10 scientists are divided into two groups, one with seven people and the other with three. The first group will conduct research using MMX’s flight instruments. That group includes:

– Olivier Barnouin, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland. Barnouin will create high-resolution digital terrain models of the Martian moons, measuring the properties of surface features and studying the properties of the Phobos regolith through its interaction with the rover.

– Matteo Crismani, California State University, San Bernardino, California. Crismani will study the particles of interplanetary dust that strike Mars and their role in the formation of high-altitude ice clouds in the Martian atmosphere.

– R. Terik Daly, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland. Daly will search for surface changes on Phobos and Deimos by comparing MMX image data with past missions’ imagery of the two moons.

– Christopher Edwards, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona. Edwards will apply a thermophysical model to MMX infrared spectra in order to map the variations in spectral properties and surface roughness across Phobos and Deimos.

– Abigail Fraeman, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California. Fraeman will combine data from different MMX instruments to learn more about the moons’ compositions and to test hypotheses about the sources of enigmatic spectral absorptions observed on Phobos.

– Sander Goossens, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. Goossens will use data from the MMX instruments and navigation data from the spacecraft to constrain the moons’ gravity fields, shapes, rotational states and internal mass distributions.

– Christine Hartzell, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. Hartzell will explore the physical properties of Phobos’ surface regolith by using rover data to identify regolith clumps and constrain the forces needed to hold them together.

2nd group: Sample return to Earth

Later, the second group will focus on samples that the mission will bring back to Earth from Phobos. They are:

– Nicolas Dauphas, University of Chicago, Illinois. Dauphas will utilize mass spectrometer techniques to determine elemental and isotopic abundances of iron, potassium and other elements, and to measure ages using rubidium-strontium dating.

– Jemma Davidson, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Davidson will use microscopy and mass spectrometry methods to analyze opaque minerals in the Phobos samples to elucidate the origin of Phobos and its later alteration history.

– Daniel Glavin, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. Glavin will study amino acids, cyanides, amines, aldehydes, ketones and hydroxy and monocarboxylic acids using gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.

Additional NASA support for Mars’ moons mission

In addition, NASA is also supplying the mission with the Pneumatic Sampler (P-Sampler) technology demonstration and the Mars-moon Exploration with GAmma rays and NEutrons (MEGANE) spectrograph instrument.

Likewise, Honeybee Robotics, sponsored by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, designed and built the P-Sampler. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory built MEGANE, which was developed under NASA’s Discovery Program.

Exploring Phobos and Deimos

JAXA is planning to launch MMX in 2024. The spacecraft will arrive about a year later. Then, after entering orbit around Mars, it will enter a Quasi-Satellite Orbit (QSO) around Phobos. A quasi-satellite is an object in a co-orbital configuration (1:1 orbital resonance) where the object stays close to the planet over many orbital periods.

MMX will explore both Phobos and Deimos, but will, in particular, have a special focus on Phobos. In fact, it will collect samples from Phobos with the goal of returning them to Earth in 2029. Indeed, MMX will be the first mission to ever attempt this.

Overall, the primary science objectives are to better understand the origin of both moons. Even now, there is still much debate among scientists as to how they originated. Did they form along with Mars or are they captured asteroids?

Also, the mission will help improve technology for future exploration of Mars.

The UAE’s Hope Mars mission also just released new images of Deimos, which you can read more about here.

Main objectives of Mars’ moons mission

According to JAXA, the main objects of the mission are:

– To investigate whether the Martian moons are captured asteroids or fragments that coalesced after a giant impact with Mars, and to acquire new knowledge on the formation process of Mars and the terrestrial planets.

– To clarify the mechanisms controlling the surface evolution of the Martian moons and Mars, and to gain new insights into the history of the Mars sphere, including that of the Martian moons.

– To understand the origin and evolution of the planets that leads to the start of life.

Mars’ moons have long fascinated both scientists and the public alike. American astronomer Asaph Hall first discovered them in August 1877. Now, within the next couple of years, we will get our closest look at them yet, and even bring a little bit of them home.

Read more about the Martian Moons eXploration mission

Bottom line: NASA announced last week that it has chosen 10 scientists from across the U.S. to help with Mars’ moons mission called Martian Moons eXploration (MMX).

Via NASA