Climate change as a global amplifier of human–wildlife conflict – Nature.com

Narwhal19 February 27, 2023

Abstract

Climate change and human–wildlife conflict are both pressing challenges for biodiversity conservation and human well-being in the Anthropocene. Climate change is a critical yet underappreciated amplifier of human–wildlife conflict, as it exacerbates resource scarcity, alters human and animal behaviours and distributions, and increases human–wildlife encounters. We synthesize evidence of climate-driven conflicts occurring among ten taxonomic orders, on six continents and in all five oceans. Such conflicts disrupt both subsistence livelihoods and industrial economies and may accelerate the rate at which human–wildlife conflict drives wildlife declines. We introduce a framework describing distinct environmental, ecological and sociopolitical pathways through which climate variability and change percolate via complex social–ecological systems to influence patterns and outcomes of human–wildlife interactions. Identifying these pathways allows for developing mitigation strategies and proactive policies to limit the impacts of human–wildlife conflict on biodiversity conservation and human well-being in a changing climate.

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**Fig. 1: A conceptual framework to describe how climate drivers propagate through social–ecological systems to impact human–wildlife conflicts.**

**Fig. 2: Key examples of climate-driven human–wildlife conflicts in the literature.**

**Fig. 3: Synthesis of climate-driven human–wildlife conflicts documented in the literature.**

Data availability

All case study data derived from the systematic literature review are available at https://github.com/Abrahms-Lab/Climate-Conflict-Review and archived via Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo/7502350).

Code availability

All R code used for analyses is available at https://github.com/Abrahms-Lab/Climate-Conflict-Review and archived via Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo/7502350).

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to A. Zimmerman and L. Withey for providing early feedback on our manuscript. We thank our institutions for supporting this work. L.W. was supported under an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

Department of Biology, Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Briana Abrahms, T. J. Clark-Wolf, Erik Johansson, Anna C. Nisi, Kasim Rafiq & Leigh West
School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Neil H. Carter
Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Kaitlyn M. Gaynor
US Geological Survey Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Alex McInturff

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Briana Abrahms

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Contributions

B.A. conceived of the work and led the writing. B.A., T.J.C.-W., E.J., A.M., A.C.N., K.R. and L.W. performed the systematic literature review. All authors contributed writing, edits and ideas to the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Briana Abrahms.

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Abrahms, B., Carter, N.H., Clark-Wolf, T.J. et al. Climate change as a global amplifier of human–wildlife conflict. Nat. Clim. Chang. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01608-5

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Received: 30 March 2022
Accepted: 13 January 2023
Published: 27 February 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01608-5

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